The necessity of reducing production costs makes continuous casting more advantageous than plates process, however, the application of products obtained through continuous casting is limited by microstructural conditions. When continuous casting material follows a conventional process of hot-rolled plates, with intermediate annealing and hardness achieved by pre-defined reductions, the result is a plate with superficial appearance and performance in drawing harmed by coarse graining. To optimize the process, it is necessary to improve the knowledge of the phenomena of cold working, recovery, recrystallization and grain growth in addition to relating them to industrial processes. In this book, these issues were discussed and with the...
ISBN: 978-3-6392-4789-3
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Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Thermomechanical treatments (TMT) have been extensively used as a key method to improve the mechanical properties of different metallic materials over the last decades. These treatments are usually involving with grain refinement through a combination of hot working and thermal treatments. Understanding the different phenomena that determine the finer microstructure of deformed material is an important aspect of TMT studies. These phenomena can control the microstructure and properties of the material during and following the deformation. Dynamic recrystallization is one important mechanism that is observed during TMT of material over a wide range of deformation conditions. This process usually leads to an improvement in the mechanical...
ISBN: 978-3-6392-3941-6
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Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
EBSD is a technique which allows crystallographic information to be obtained from samples in the scanning electron microscope. In EBSD a stationary electron beam strikes a tilted crystalline sample and the diffracted electrons form a (Kikuchi) pattern on a fluorescent screen. This pattern is characteristic of the crystal structure and orientation of the sample region from which it was generated. The diffraction pattern can be used to measure the crystal orientation, measure grain boundary misorientations, discriminate between different materials, and provide information about local crystalline perfection. Unlike conventional microscopy with LOM and SEM, EBSD can successfully characterise recrystallised structures in annealed martensitic...
ISBN: 978-3-6392-3103-8
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Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
A. B. M. Saiful Islam, Md. Alhaz Uddin, Mohammed Jameel
Increasing quantity of solid waste creates various environmental and health problems. Most common problems associated with improper management of solid waste include diseases transmission, fire hazards, foul odour, atmospheric and water pollution, blockage of sewer system and economic losses. In Bangladesh, the collection, transportation and disposal of MSW are unscientific and chaotic. Solid waste recycling and reclamation approach can be a sustainable and effective waste management system in many growing cities of the least developed countries For achieving proper solid waste management, a lot of efforts have been focused more on collection and disposal but ignored waste recycling which can result into income generation, job creation,...
ISBN: 978-3-6393-0726-9
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Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Red Jacket was a famous clipper ship. Commissioned by Seacomb Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.
ISBN: 978-6-1311-6658-7
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Dr. Golap Mohammad Chowdhury, Prof. Gour Gopal Roy, Prof. Sanat Kumar Roy
The rate of reduction of iron ore-graphite composite pellets under inert and reducing atmospheres has been investigated in a tailor made thermo-gravimetric packed-bed reactor. A very low overall apparent activation energy estimated from experimental data indicates that the reduction is not chemical kinetics controlled. A kinetic model has been developed to quantify the temporal evolution of different iron oxide phases and metallic iron. The rate-dependent parameters (frequency factors and activation energy) have been estimated from experimental data by applying an optimization tool (Genetic Algorithm). The predicted phases at various degrees of reduction were verified by X-ray diffraction and metallographic investigation. A simplified...
ISBN: 978-3-8433-5782-1
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Car exhaust catalysts were introduced in the early 1980’s, to limit the release of pollutants such as hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. These catalysts contain noble metals such as palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt) and rhodium (Rh) and are able to simultaneously abate all three of the above-mentioned pollutants, hence the name three-way catalyst (TWC). The exposure to high temperatures (800-1000 °C) during operation and the presence of additives in gasoline and lubricants will, after a certain time, lower the activity of the TWC. High temperatures reduce the active area by causing the noble metals to agglomerate and sinter, whereas the additives alter the activity either by fouling the pores of the support material or by...
ISBN: 978-3-6391-0510-0
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Regenerative turbine pumps are rarely used or tested, and many of hydraulic machines books do not provide any information about this type of pumps. So, this work is conducted to study the mechanical and hydraulic designs and performance of regenerative turbine pump theoretically and experimentally. The theoretical performance of the regenerative turbine pump is expected by conducting a theoretical model. Theoretical analysis of flow thorough the pump is constructed depending on some assumptions that simplify this analysis. And rational formula that describes the relationship between the theoretical imparted head and flow rate is obtained. Mechanical and hydraulic designs based on the required pumping head and flow rate are investigated....
ISBN: 978-3-6392-3669-9
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
In this book MathCAD work sheet will be used as a teaching and learning tool for the design and analysis of reinforced concrete beam using ACI code of design. The book has two sample problems that analyze and design both regular and irregular beams. First sample problems explain the use of MathCAD in design and analysis of simple rectangular beam. The 2nd sample problem explain the use of MathCAD in design and analysis of single and double reinforced regular beams such as rectangular beams and irregular beams such as T-beam, L-beam, I -beam and other shapes. In addition to bending reinforcement calculation, the work sheet will calculate the spacing requirement foe shear reinforcement and it will check beam adequacy for the shear. This...
ISBN: 978-3-6392-8097-5
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Seeme Mallick, Dr Mehnaz Ahmed, Professor Dodo Thampapillai
The sustainable income is estimated by evaluating the environmental capital depreciation allowance, where the natural environment is treated as a capital asset that provides essential services. The thesis focuses on two issues. The first section covers the relationship of environmental sustainability with income distribution and employment and the second section covers the relationship of poverty and demographic transition to environment in developing countries. First section analyses the possibilities of linkages between the environmental depreciation allowance, income distribution and employment. The Gini Coefficient and Lorenz Curve are applied to this analysis to explore the linkages between environmental depreciation and income...
ISBN: 978-3-8383-3302-1
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Reliability-Based Optimization (RBO) for engineering design deals mainly with two design attributes, the cost and the reliability of the design. The reliability considerations are typically driven by the probabilities of failure due to component failure events or a system failure event. These failures can be estimated using standard reliability analysis techniques such as First Order Reliability Method (FORM), Second Order Reliability Methods (SORM) and Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) techniques. This book presents research work pertaining to two areas – one related to development of efficient approaches and improved reliability analysis techniques that reduce computational complexity and increase the success of using FORM in RBO of...
ISBN: 978-3-6392-4184-6
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
The constant improvements in the silicon technology have resulted in a continuous reduction of the electron devices feature size. These technological developments strongly impact in device performance. One of the most important reliability issues in the last technological nodes is the Random Telegraph Noise (RTN). This is phenomenon affects the threshold voltage (VT) of the memory cell. A physics-based statistical model is presented and validated. Beyond the 60nm technology node, the granularity of the charge stored in the device is not more negligible and this fact influences the accuracy to perform the program operation. The statistical nature of the electrons injection into the floating gate spreads the VT distribution of the array...
ISBN: 978-3-6392-9361-6
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Satellite system is ideal for multicast delivery with its inherent wide geographic reach. However, the heterogeneous channel conditions and capacity constraints in the satellite links are the challenges need to be tackled. This book aims to increase resource efficiency and enhance reliable multicast transmission performance. The work carried out to achieve these objectives is divided into three main parts. The first part proposes channel-aware scheduling algorithms utilising channel state information (CSI) from the terminals. The results show that the proposed scheduling algorithms increase forward link resource utilisation compared to that of the static channel representation benchmark scheme. In the second part, a Change Detection (CD)...
ISBN: 978-3-8433-9116-0
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Removal of toxic and heavy metal contaminants from aqueous waste streams and industrial effluents is one of the most challenging global environmental issues. Chromium salts are the most widely used chemicals for tanning processes, but about 30% of the chromium amount remains in the solids and liquid wastes (especially spent tanning solutions). Therefore, the removal and recovery of the chromium content of these wastewaters is necessary for environmental protection and economic reasons. The possibility of using bypass cement kiln dust (BCKD) as a low cost and natural adsorbent is investigated in this work for the removal of Cr(III) from synthetic and real wastewater by adsorption technique. The parameters effect on removal process are...
ISBN: 978-3-8383-3903-0
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
In this research work, new comprehensive models for prediction of physical properties (viscosity and density) of systems of different alkanolamines were developed. To predict the mass transfer rates and designing and operation of the gas treating units, the accurate determination of the physical properties and modeling of the system plays important role. The physical property of system of aqueous solution of different alkanolamines was modeled using Artificial Neural Network. This has significantly reduced the need for further physicochemical properties measurements for the large number of other potentially interesting alkanolamines blends. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга...
ISBN: 978-3-8433-8017-1
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Rapid industrialization and increase in population are responsible for the inclusion of heavy metals in the environment. Consequently, these metals are found well above the tolerance limit many a times in aquatic environment. The Cr(VI) is of particular concern because of its toxicity. Thus, treatment of the effluent to reduce/remove the pollutant before discharging into the environment becomes inevitable. Among various processes for Cr(VI) treatment, adsorption is an economically feasible alternate. In the present book, the removal of Cr (VI) from aqueous solution was investigated both in batch and continuous mode. Different low cost adsorbents such as bauxite, sawdust and sweet water weed were used to determine the adsorption...
ISBN: 978-3-6392-9457-6
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Thermionic energy converter (TEC) is a device to generate electricity from heat in a silent, vibration-free operation. Non-idealities such as negative space-charge effect and electron reflection from collector surface adversely effect output current density and device efficiency. Using a range of thin film deposition techniques such as rf plasma magnetron sputtering, electrochemical deposition and electroless process, different surface structures were developed and tested for suppression of electron reflection using Cs/O vapor plasma TECs. Principles of both vacuum and solution based synthesis of thin films, and promising device configurations for thermionic energy converters are presented. This book overviews evolution of thermionics...
ISBN: 978-3-8383-6832-0
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Mariam T. Tennoe, Susan F. Henssonow
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Renewable energy in New Zealand is primarily from hydropower. In 2009 73% of the electricity generated in New Zealand came from renewable sources, a ratio that has been falling for decades while load growth has been met primarily by natural gas-fired power stations. In September 2007, former Prime Minister Helen Clark announced a national target of 90 percent renewable electricity by 2025, with wind energy to make up much of that increase. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.
ISBN: 978-6-1333-8197-1
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
This work focused on a method, developed by Prof. Freeman group, to study spatial-temporal patterns of brain activity in ECoG. The main goal was to adapt the methodology, developed for ECoG, for it use on EEG. It is important because EEG recording is a non- invasive procedure. First a new method to study the patterns in ECoG was developed and compared with the cone fitting. The new method significantly reduces the processing time. Then it was adapted for use on EEG and tested in two databases, the first one was previously uses to study ERP and the second was continues recording of brain activity. The mean level of classification for EEG was comparable to that for ECoG, which shows that owing to the scale- free properties of brain...
ISBN: 978-3-8433-5587-2
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Bridge cranes carrying structure is one of their essential elements. The most popular, solid-walled metal sheet structures have higher mass that leads to a stable trend in metal reduction. Due to the wide range of loadings, mass reduction calculations are faced with various problems that could be solved effectively by an appropriate methodology, as the one proposed here. The underlying techniques in the methodology are 3-D computer models and mathematical methods such as FEM, the matrix exponential, Newmark, Kutta-Merson, FFT, etc. realized by ANSYS, MATLAB, visualNastran, SolidWorks. The carrying structure dynamic response has been studied when operating are the mechanisms for: hoisting, by using models with distributed and discrete...
ISBN: 978-3-8433-5644-2
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
Research issues in Image compression The last decade has been witnessing tremendous and explosive growth in Internet, Mobile communication, and increasing importance of Video communication. Data compression is one of the enabling technologies for each of these aspects of multimedia revolution. As one of the enabling technologies of the multimedia revolution, data compression is a key to rapid progress being made in information technology. It would not be practical to put images, audio, and video without compression. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) and Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG) are standards for representing images and video. Already many researches have taken place in Image compression with the use of wavelets. Still...
ISBN: 978-3-8433-6718-9
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011
As the summary, carrier relaxation dynamics in non-doped BSO and Cr doped BSO is studied using the PIA change by nanosecond pulse excitation using a frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. The time-resolved PIA decay in non-doped BSO relaxes in a few hundred milli second whereas for the Cr doped BSO, this happens in time of the order of hundred seconds. The Cr defects in BSO increase the density of the shallow and deep trap levels that increase relatively the life time of the charge carriers compared to non-doped BSO. The microoptical mechanism for the PIA decay is related to the carrier tunneling between localized state of each Cr ions than carrier trapping. From the optical absorption spectra measurements, the Cr doped BSO has shifted the...
ISBN: 978-3-8433-8957-0
Издательство:
Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011