High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A regular tetrahedron has 12 rotational (or orientation-preserving) symmetries, and a total of 24 symmetries including transformations that combine a reflection and a rotation. The group of all symmetries is isomorphic to the group S4 of permutations of four objects, since there is exactly one such symmetry for each permutation of the vertices of the tetrahedron. The set of orientation-preserving symmetries forms a group referred to as the alternating subgroup A4 of S4. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1303-5122-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Big data: It`s unstructured, it`s coming at you fast, and there`s lots of it. In fact, the majority of big data is text-oriented, thanks to the proliferation of online sources such as blogs, emails, and social media. However, having big data means little if you can`t leverage it with analytics. Now you can explore the large volumes of unstructured text data that your organization has collected with Text Mining and Analysis: Practical Methods, Examples, and Case Studies Using SAS. This hands-on guide to text analytics using SAS provides detailed, step-by-step instructions and explanations on how to mine your text data for valuable insight. Through its comprehensive approach, you`ll learn not just how to analyze your data, but how to...

ISBN: 9781612905518
Дата выхода: январь 2013

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Thebault's theorem is the name given variously to one of the geometry problems proposed by the French mathematician Victor Thebault, individually known as Thebault's problem I, II, and III. Given any parallelogram, construct on its sides four squares external to the parallelogram. The quadrilateral formed by joining the centers of those four squares is a square. It is a special case of van Aubel's theorem.Given a square, construct equilateral triangles on two adjacent edges, either both inside or both outside the square. Then the triangle formed by joining the vertex of the square distant from both triangles and the vertices of the triangles distant from the square is equilateral. Данное...

ISBN: 978-6-1311-2143-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! La theorie des ensembles est une branche des mathematiques, creee par le mathematicien allemand Georg Cantor a la fin du XIXe siecle. La theorie des ensembles se donne comme primitives les notions d'ensemble et d'appartenance, a partir desquelles elle reconstruit les objets usuels des mathematiques : fonctions, relations, entiers naturels, relatifs, rationnels, nombres reels, complexes... C'est pourquoi la theorie des ensembles est consideree comme une theorie fondamentale dont Hilbert a pu dire qu'elle etait un « paradis » cree par Cantor pour les mathematiciens. En plus de proposer un fondement aux mathematiques, Cantor introduisait avec la theorie des ensembles des concepts radicalement...

ISBN: 978-6-1339-7464-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! La theorie des graphes est une matiere de l'informatique (algorithmique, Base de donnees, reseau…) et des mathematiques (optimisation combinatoire, probabilite, algebre…). Les algorithmes elabores pour resoudre des problemes concernant les objets de cette theorie ont de nombreuses applications dans tous les domaines lies a la notion de reseau (reseau social, reseau informatique, Telecom…) et dans bien d'autres domaines (e.g. genetique) tant le concept de graphe, a peu pres equivalent a celui de relation binaire (a ne pas confondre donc avec graphe d'une fonction), est general. De grands theoremes difficiles, comme le Theoreme des quatre couleurs et le Theoreme des graphes parfaits, ont...

ISBN: 978-6-1339-7887-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! La theorie des types est une branche de la logique mathematique qui a pour principales caracteristiques que tout objet (terme, fonction, ensemble) y a un type et que les entites ne peuvent se combiner qu'en respectant des regles de "typage". Une premiere theorie des types (dite "ramifiee") a ete creee par Bertrand Russell pour resoudre les paradoxes logiques, comme celui du menteur et ceux de la theorie des ensembles ; lourde d'emploi, elle a d'abord ete simplifiee par Ramsey et ensuite supplantee par les theories de Zermelo-Frankel et NF de Quine , et aussi reconsideree pour des objets plus elementaires apres la decouverte du lambda-calcul et de la logique combinatoire. Bien que ces theories...

ISBN: 978-6-1339-7507-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

ISBN: 978-6-1318-9376-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! D'un point de vue heuristique, la theorie des perturbations est une methode mathematique generale qui permet de trouver une solution approchee d'une equation mathematique (E ) dependante d'un parametre lorsque la solution de l'equation (E0), correspondant a la valeur = 0, est connue exactement. L'equation mathematique (E ) peut etre une equation algebrique, une equation differentielle, une equation aux valeurs propres, ... La methode consiste a chercher la solution approchee de l'equation (E ) sous la forme d'un developpement en serie des puissances du parametre , cette solution approchee etant suppose etre une approximation d'autant meilleure de la solution exacte, mais inconnue, que la valeur...

ISBN: 978-6-1340-6050-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Traditionnellement, la theorie des nombres est une branche des mathematiques qui s'occupe des proprietes des nombres entiers, qu'ils soient entiers naturels ou entiers relatifs, et contient beaucoup de problemes ouverts qu'il est facile de comprendre, meme par les non mathematiciens. Plus generalement, le champ d'etude de cette theorie concerne une large classe de problemes qui proviennent naturellement de l'etude des entiers. La theorie des nombres occupe une place particuliere en mathematiques, a la fois par ses connexions avec de nombreux autres domaines, et par la fascination qu'exercent ses enonces. Ainsi, la citation suivante, de Jurgen Neukirch : « La theorie des nombres occupe parmi...

ISBN: 978-6-1339-2456-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Please note that the content of this book primarily consists of articles available from Wikipedia or other free sources online. La these de Church - du nom du mathematicien Alonzo Church - est le principe de base de la calculabilite. Dans sa forme la plus ordinaire, elle affirme que tout traitement realisable mecaniquement peut etre accompli par un ordinateur (plus precisement dans sa forme idealisee qu'est une machine de Turing). Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1341-9354-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Mark-Recapture methodology has been one of the major experimental methods for gaining information on wildlife populations over the last 100 years. The standard methodology for assessing mortality rates in open populations (the Cormack-Jolly-Seber method and its expansions) has assumed that the recapture are done instantaneously, or at least during a very short interval. This is often not the case as the sampling is often done during a season or a long term field trip. This text presents methods for analysing capture- and mortality rates from mark-recapture data where the data are not collected instantaneously, but more or less continously. The metod is based on semi-parametric models often used in survival analysis, such as the...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-5402-3
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The AHA! experience is a term that captures the essence of illumination. It is the experience of having an idea come to mind with brevity, suddenness, and a sense certainty. This book examines this extra-logical process within a number of different mathematical contexts in pursuit of three questions: What is the essence of the AHA! experience? What is the effect of an AHA! experience on a learner? Can the AHA! experience be controlled, and if so can it be invoked? The data for this pursuit comes from three related studies focused on three distinct groups of participants – undergraduate mathematics students, prominent mathematicians, and preservice teachers. The results from each of these studies combine to present some surprising...

ISBN: 978-3-6390-6470-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

This book has three related but distinct parts. In the first part of the book, we construct a new sequence of generators of the BRST complex and reformulate the BRST differential so that it acts on elements of the complex much like the Maurer-Cartan differential acts on left- invariant forms. In particular, for an important class of physical theories, we show that in fact the differential is a Chevalley-Eilenberg differential. In the second part of the book, we isolate a new concept which we call the chain extension of a $D$- algebra. We demonstrate that this idea is central to to a number of applications to algebra and physics. Chain extensions may be regarded as generalizations of ordinary algebraic extensions of Lie algebras....

ISBN: 978-3-6391-4632-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The Analyst, subtitled A DISCOURSE Addressed to an Infidel Mathematician, is a book published by George Berkeley in 1734. The "infidel mathematician" is believed to have been Edmond Halley or Sir Isaac Newton. In the latter case, no reply would have been possible, as Newton died in 1727. The Analyst was a direct attack on the foundations and principles of the infinitesimal calculus, specifically on Newton's notion of fluxions and on Leibniz's notion of infinitesimal change. According to historian of science Judith Grabiner, “Berkeley’s criticisms of the rigor of the calculus were witty, unkind, and—with respect to the mathematical practices he was criticizing—essentially correct”(Grabiner 1997). Berkeley sought to defend...

ISBN: 978-6-1306-8619-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Analyst, or, Mathematical Museum was an early American mathematics journal. Founded by Robert Adrain in 1808, it published one volume of four issues that year before discontinuing publication. Despite its extremely short life, it published papers by several notable mathematicians in the nascent American mathematical community, including Nathaniel Bowditch and Ferdinand Hassler; most importantly, Adrain himself published an independent formulation of the method of least squares. After securing a professorship at Columbia University, Adrain attempted to revive the journal in 1814, but it published only one issue before again ceasing publication. He would later go on to found a more popularly...

ISBN: 978-6-1311-6857-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The business calculus teaching experience is unique in many ways. In particular, it is a class that is typically taught in the mathematics department by mathematics instructors who never took such a course prior to teaching it. Because of this nuance, business calculus is perceived to be a difficult class to teach. This study compares the beliefs and teaching practices of two experienced Graduate Mathematics Teaching Assistants (GMTAs) as they teach business calculus for the first time. In addition, administration are interviewed regarding the course itself, perceptions about the course, and those affected by the course. Finally, comparisons are made between the two GMTAs and inferences are drawn based on their experiences. Furthermore,...

ISBN: 978-3-6390-7443-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

This study addresses how elementary preservice teachers (EPSTs) think about variation in the three contexts of sampling, data and graphs, and probability situations. A qualitative study was undertaken with thirty students in an elementary teachers’ mathematics course. Written surveys were completed by all students both before and after class interventions, and six students participated in pre and post interviews. Collective results from the survey data, interview data, and class observations were used to describe components of an evolving framework useful for examining EPSTs’ conceptions of variation. The three main aspects of the framework address how EPSTs reason in expecting, displaying, and interpreting variation. Each of the...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-3116-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Mathematics education has become increasingly influenced by scientific management which has resulted in a focus on narrow outcomes, unnecessary testing and diminished involvement by the learner. It has become an unquestioned orthodoxy and is causing harm to those who work in mathematics education. This book explores the origins and pervasiveness of scientific management and the origins of assessment and it outlines a relationship based alternative. In this alternative a humanistic approach is explored which recognizes both mathematics and the process of learning as social and cultural phenomena. This book will have particular interest to Initial teacher educators Mathematics educators Educational philosophers, sociologists and...

ISBN: 978-3-8383-3144-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The principle of sufficient reason states that anything that happens does so for a definite reason. In virtue of which no fact can be real or no statement true unless it has sufficient reason why it should not be otherwise. It is usually attributed to Gottfried Leibniz, although the first person to use it was Anaximander of Miletus. In fact Leibniz opposed fatalism and had a more nuanced and characteristic version of the principle, in which the contingent was admitted on the basis of infinitary reasons, to which God had access but humans did not. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии...

ISBN: 978-6-1303-5409-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The crossed product construction provides a bridge between operator algebras and dynamical systems. For instance, it is known that two ergodic non singular dynamical systems are orbit equivalent if and only if their associated von Neumann crossed products are isomorphic. In the topological setting, it is known that two minimal dynamical systems on Cantor spaces are strong orbit equivalent if and only if their associated C* crossed products are isomorphic. In the literature there are examples of dynamical systems which are not orbit equivalent yet their associated C* crossed products are either isomorphic or have isomorphic Elliott invariant. These examples, however, deal with spaces which are either disconnected or have dimension greater...

ISBN: 978-3-6390-7385-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

In this book the solution representations obtained from a recently developed Fokas integral method for solving boundary value problems for linear evolution PDEs are evaluate numerically. In particular, the case of the linear KdV equation is considered. The Fokas method is quite general and it is therefore of wider interest to assess its competitiveness for numerical purposes. Until now pseudospectral methods have been know to be the most accurate numerical scheme for smooth functions. To compare the two methods, the linear KdV equation is computed numerically using both, a pseudospectral method and the direct evaluation of the integral representation. The two methods are compared for accuracy and speed of the numerical computation,...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-2024-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The celestial mechanics started over three century ago with Isaac Newton's Principia of 1687. In 1772, Joseph-Louis Lagrange proved that there are five equilibrium points in the circular-restricted three-body problem in celestial mechanics. If a satellite or celestial body is located at one of these points with zero initial velocity relative to the rotating coordinate system, it will stay there permanently provided there are no perturbations. It has been proved that that the Lagrangian points are the possible sites for artificial space colonization in future. This book therefore provide the methods for computing the position and the stability of these points in more generalised restricted three body problem when the effect of radiation...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-9743-3
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The problem of classification is an old one that has application in geophysical, medical, signal processing and many other fields. There are numerous approaches to this problem using the statistical properties of the populations from which observations are drawn. In applications such as geophysical and signals processing there is a natural structure on the variance-covariance matrix of the observation vectors. The efficacy of classification is generally increased by taking that structure into account. One such structure that is used to model that variance-covariance matrix is the autoregressive circulant (ARC) structure. In this book, classification rules are derived using the assumption of such a structure. Techniques to compute these...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-3968-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Suppose our monetary system used only coins of the values 5 and 8. Which bills could we exchange using only these coins? How many sums are impossible to get? More generally, let a,b,...,n be natural numbers (the values of the coins). The set of all natural combinations of these numbers is a numerical semigroup. Our goal is to determine the structure of this semigroup. This question, known as the coin exchange problem or the Frobenius problem, captured the imagination of many mathematicians ever since it was first proposed by Sylvester in 1884. If we use only 2 kinds of coins, the answer is quite simple, but the case of 3 or more turns out to be much more complicated and interesting. This book presents the problem in a clear and vivid...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-4326-3
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Doctrine of Chances was the first textbook on probability theory, written by 18th-century French mathematician Abraham de Moivre and first published in 1718.De Moivre wrote in English because he resided in England at the time, having fled France to escape the persecution of Huguenots. The book's title came to be synonymous with probability theory, and accordingly the phrase was used in Thomas Bayes' famous posthumous paper An Essay Toward Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances, wherein a version of Bayes' theorem was first introduced. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии...

ISBN: 978-6-1311-6894-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011