While major advances have been made in the area of cancer research over the last few decades, certain aspects of the avascular tumour growth processes remain poorly understood. The mathematical model discussed in this monograph therefore provides a more biologically realistic description of avascular tumour growth by taking into account stochastic cellular and extracellular tumour growth processes. The discussion is presented in two distinct parts– the first comprises the construction of a model for avascular tumour growth with random variation, while the second consists of refining the approach to develop a stochastically perturbed avascular tumour model. A numerical solution method was also developed to solve the model with...

ISBN: 978-3-8433-5489-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

An understanding of the complexity of teachers’ espoused and enacted beliefs is of paramount importance in attempting to transform current transmission-oriented teaching practices. Taking into consideration the recent interest expressed by the mathematics education community in the importance of values in teaching, and on their interrelationship to belief systems, such an understanding may constitute the motivation for future reforms. This book provides a typology of mathematics teacher’s beliefs regarding mathematics, mathematics teaching, learning and assessment, an investigation of inconsistencies between those beliefs and their instructional practice, and the impact various cultural aspects have on teachers’ beliefs. The...

ISBN: 978-3-6390-7838-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study or research, or both, is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with particular problems related to logic, space, transformations, numbers and more general ideas which encompass these concepts. Some notable mathematicians include Sir Isaac Newton, Muhammad ibn M?s? al-Khw?rizm?, Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss, Archimedes of Syracuse, Leonhard Paul Euler, Georg Friedrich Bernhard Riemann, Euclid of Alexandria, Jules Henri Poincare, Srinivasa Ramanujan,Alexander Grothendieck, David Hilbert, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Georg Cantor, Evariste Galois and Pierre de Fermat. Some scientists who research other fields are also considered...

ISBN: 978-6-1325-8955-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

When an electromagnetic wave travels through a medium in which it get absorbed (this is called an "opaque" or "attenuating" medium), as described by the Beer-Lambert law, there are a wide array of mathematical descriptions of the parameters involved in the propagation and attenuation of the wave. This article describes the mathematical relationships among: Absorption coefficient, Penetration depth and Skin depth, Propagation constant, attenuation constant, phase constant, and complex wavenumber, Complex refractive index and extinction coefficient, Complex dielectric constant, AC conductivity. Note that in many of these cases there are multiple, conflicting definitions and conventions in common use. This article is not necessarily...

ISBN: 978-6-1302-9889-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols is a Unicode block of Latin and Greek letters and decimal digits that enable mathematicians to denote different notions with different letter styles (one example is blackboard bold, called "double-struck" in Unicode terminology). Unicode now includes many such symbols (in the range U+1D400 ... U+1D7FF). The rationale behind this is that it enables design and usage of special mathematical characters (fonts) that include all necessary properties to differentiate from other alphanumerics, e.g. in mathematics an italic "A" can have a different meaning from a roman letter "A". These symbols are to be used only in mathematical formulas, not in general text....

ISBN: 978-6-1339-0240-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Mathematical Association of America (MAA) is a professional society that focuses on mathematics accessible at the undergraduate level. Members include university, college, and high school teachers; graduate and undergraduate students; pure and applied mathematicians; computer scientists; statisticians; and many others in academia, government, business, and industry. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1339-2336-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In mathematics, a mathematical coincidence can be said to occur when two expressions show a near- equality that lacks direct theoretical explanation.A mathematical coincidence often comprises an integer, and the surprising (or "coincidental") feature is the fact that a real number is close to a small integer; or, more generally, to a rational number with a small denominator.Given the countably infinite number of ways of forming mathematical expressions using a finite number of symbols, the number of symbols used and the precision of approximate equality might be the most obvious way to assess mathematical coincidences; but there is no standard, and the strong law of small numbers is the sort of...

ISBN: 978-6-1317-0996-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles!A mathematical problem is a problem that is amenable to being analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert's problems. It can also be a problem referring to the nature of mathematics itself, such as Russell's Paradox.Informal "real-world" mathematical problems are questions related to a concrete setting, such as "Adam has five apples and gives John three. How many has he left?". Such questions are usually more difficult to solve than regular mathematical exercises like "5 – 3", even if one knows the mathematics required to...

ISBN: 978-6-1311-3939-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Before calculators were cheap and plentiful, people would use mathematical tables —lists of numbers showing the results of calculation with varying arguments— to simplify and drastically speed up computation. Tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions were common in math and science textbooks. A simple but common example is the multiplication table, which most people know from their early mathematics classes Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1308-1627-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Mathematical morphology (MM) is a theory and technique for the analysis and processing of geometrical structures, based on set theory, lattice theory, topology, and random functions. MM is most commonly applied to digital images, but it can be employed as well on graphs, surface meshes, solids, and many other spatial structures. Topological and geometrical continuous-space concepts such as size, shape, convexity, connectivity, and geodesic distance, can be characterized by MM on both continuous and discrete spaces. MM is also the foundation of morphological image processing, which consists of a set of operators that transform images according to the above characterizations. MM was originally developed for binary images, and was later...

ISBN: 978-6-1302-8338-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A mathematical joke is a form of humor which relies on aspects of mathematics or a stereotype of mathematicians to derive humor. The humor may come from a pun, or from a double meaning of a mathematical term. It may also come from a lay person's misunderstanding of a mathematical concept (which is not wholly unexpected). These jokes are frequently inaccessible to those without a mathematical bent. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1317-4633-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The purpose of this book is to present a computer oriented numerical approach to study the blood flow in presence of transverse magnetic field. Here in all the problems, blood is assumed to be a Non Newtonian fluid. Mathematical formulation of the problem under consideration is presented and the similarity transformation is applied to reduce the system of partial differential equations and their boundary conditions describing the problem into a boundary value proem of ordinary differential equations. The equations are solved numerically by shooting techniques and the results are shown graphically.Emphasis has been given on the influence of magnetic parameters. From the study we can conclude that the magnetic field controls the velocity,...

ISBN: 978-3-6393-1605-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Der Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) stellt ein symmetrisches Blockverschlusselungssystem dar, das vom NIST als Quasi-Standard definiert wurde. Dieses Buch stellt einige moderne Entwicklungen in der mathematischen Theorie der Blockverschlusselungsverfahren vor. Auch deren Kryptoanalyse sowie potentielle Sicherheitslucken werden untersucht. Insbesondere werden die dem Rijndael-Algorithmus zugrundeliegende mathematische Theorie als auch dessen kryptographische Eigenschaften dargestellt. Zunachst wird allgemein in die Theorie der Blockverschlusselungsverfahren eingefuhrt. Anschliessend wird ein Uberblick zur Kryptoanalyse von Blockchiffren gegeben. Um die dem AES zugrundeliegende Theorie verstehen zu konnen werden danach die notwendigen...

ISBN: 978-3-6390-6907-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Mathematical modeling of traffic flow deals with the development of a new higher order anisotropic continuum model for highway traffic flow. The model comprises a system of two nonlinear partial differential equations. The work has been compiled in the form of seven chapters with each chapter focusing on the development of traffic flow model towards real world. Some qualitative properties together with linear stability analysis have been studied. Motivated by the importance of traffic modeling, in this book a series of flow situations to uncover some of the fundamental aspects of traffic flow are examined. Finite difference method is used as a tool to solve the governing system of highly nonlinear partial differential equations....

ISBN: 978-3-8433-6881-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Every year, eager pre-service teachers graduate from universities and look forward to stepping into their own classrooms for the first time. All too often, however, this enthusiasm is short lived because these beginners encounter challenges along the way that may result in their early departure from the profession. The problem of attrition may be addressed long before the student of teaching transitions to teacher. A meaningful response begins at the university when teacher education programs provide experiences that prepare beginners for the realities of the profession. An important part of this preparation is the opportunity for future teachers to explore their belief systems, and efficacy beliefs in particular since they influence a...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-3553-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

“Pharmacokinetics is the study of the kinetics of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs and their pharmacological, therapeutic or toxic response in animals and man”. In brief, pharmacokinetics is concerned with quantitatively accounting for the whereabouts of a drug after it has been introduced in the body. The analysis is carried out throughout the entire time course for the drug in the body. The aim of this work is to introduce new mathematical methods of solving biological problems that will help in promoting the new technologies in medical and healthcare areas and also propose new possibilities in nanobiotechnologies. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга...

ISBN: 978-3-8433-9307-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Was ist ein Ausverkaufsproblem? Ein Ausverkaufsproblem ist eine Situation, in der aus einem Produktbestand innerhalb einer festen Zeitspanne ein moglichst hoher Umsatz generiert werden soll. Der Bestand wird dabei nicht aufgefullt. Nicht nur Raumungsverkaufe erfullen diese Definition, auch bei Leasing und Versteigerungen ergibt sich haufig ein solches Szenario. In den einzelnen Kapiteln werden die unterschiedlichen Auspragungen von Ausverkaufsproblemen untersucht. Dabei stehen die Strukturuntersuchungen und deren Bedeutung im Mittelpunkt. Durch das anschauliche Vorgehen werden dem Leser die wichtigsten Erkenntnisse naher gebracht, was den Umgang mit den komplexeren Ausverkaufsmodellen erleichtert. Данное издание не...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-4202-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Les mathematiques en Egypte antique etaient fondees sur un systeme decimal. Chaque puissance de dix etait representee par un hieroglyphe particulier. Le zero etait inconnu. Toutes les operations etaient ramenees a des additions. Pour exprimer des valeurs inferieures a leur etalon, les Egyptiens utilisaient un systeme simple de fractions unitaires. Pour determiner la longueur d'un champ, sa surface ou encore mesurer un butin, les Egyptiens utilisaient trois systemes de mesure differents, mais tous obeissaient aux regles decrites ci-dessus. Les rares documents mathematiques decouverts a ce jour ne donnent qu'une vague idee de l'etendue des connaissances des anciens Egyptiens dans ce domaine. Toutefois, il est certain qu'ils parvenaient a...

ISBN: 978-6-1308-2879-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

ISBN: 978-3-8383-7726-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The class of Sudoku puzzles consists of a partially completed row-column grid of cells partitioned into N regions each of size N cells, to be filled in using a prescribed set of N distinct symbols (typically the numbers {1, ..., N}), so that each row, column and region contains exactly one of each element of the set. The puzzle can be investigated using mathematics. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1306-0128-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Recent renaissance of nuclear industry came along with a renewed interest in basic research and development activities in the field. Aiming at one of the most fundamental topics, this book takes a look at neutron transport from the viewpoint of computational mathematics. Mathematical basis of the theory is established first, including the rigorous setting of two main problems of steady-state neutron transport - the core criticality and fixed source calculations. Discretization of the governing equation with respect to energy, direction of motion and space is described next, leading to a numerical method readily programmable on a computer. An important factor guiding the selection of presented methods has been their simple applicability...

ISBN: 978-3-8443-0121-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In the United States, the state of New York has implemented a novel curriculum for high school mathematics. The courses Math A, Math A/B, and Math B are required courses mandated by the New York State Department of Education for high school graduation. They are inspired by the controversial reform mathematics movement which encourages integrated mathematics. However, many schools in New York City, wary of this approach which has received negative reviews from many parents and students, have stayed with traditional mathematics based old curriculum of Algebra, Geometry, and Trigonometry. Critics of mathematics reform often observe that integrated courses cover too many topics in too little depth,...

ISBN: 978-6-1311-3946-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Mathematical practice is used to distinguish the working practices of professional mathematicians (e.g. selecting theorems to prove, using informal notations to persuade themselves and others that various steps in the final proof can be formalised, and seeking peer review and publication) from the end result of proven and published theorems. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1318-0193-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Mathematics is the study of quantity, structure, space, and change. Mathematicians seek out patterns, formulate new conjectures, and establish truth by rigorous deduction from appropriately chosen axioms and definitions. There is debate over whether mathematical objects such as numbers and points exist naturally or are human creations. The mathematician Benjamin Peirce called mathematics "the science that draws necessary conclusions". Albert Einstein, on the other hand, stated that "as far as the laws of mathematics refer to reality, they are not certain; and as far as they are certain, they do not refer to reality." Данное издание не является оригинальным....

ISBN: 978-6-1327-1436-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Mathematical puzzles make up an integral part of recreational mathematics. They have specific rules as do multiplayer games, but they do not usually involve competition between two or more players. Instead, to solve such a puzzle, the solver must find a solution that satisfies the given conditions Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1302-3926-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011