High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The X-26 Frigate is the longest-lived of the X-plane programs. The program included the X-26A Frigate sailplane and the motorized X-26B Quiet Thruster versions: QT-2, QT-2PC, and QT-2PCII. All were based on the Schweizer 2-32 sailplane. The X-26A was used by the U.S. Navy (USN) to train test pilots in the condition of yaw/roll coupling. Since jet trainers were known to be dangerous in this condition, the X-26 was based on the Schweizer SGS 2-32 sailplane. Sailplanes react much slower and are easier to control than jet aircraft, making the X-26 a much safer training platform. Four aircraft were originally ordered. Данное издание не является оригинальным....

ISBN: 978-6-1305-3206-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The X-4 Bantam was a prototype small twin-jet airplane in 1948, manufactured by Northrop. It had no horizontal tail surfaces, depending instead on combined elevator and aileron control surfaces (called elevons) for control in pitch and roll attitudes, almost exactly in the manner of the similar-format, rocket powered Messerschmitt Me 163 of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe. Some aerodynamicists had proposed that eliminating the horizontal tail would also do away with stability problems at fast speeds resulting from the interaction of supersonic shock waves from the wings and the horizontal stabilizers. The idea had merit but the flight control systems of that time prevented the X-4 from any success....

ISBN: 978-6-1304-7650-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Bell Aircraft Corporation X-9 Shrike was a prototype ground-to-air, liquid-fueled guided missile that was a testbed for the nuclear-armed GAM-63 RASCAL. 31 X-9 rockets were delivered, flying from April 1949 to January 1953. The program was used to gather aerodynamic and stability data, and to test guidance and propulsion systems. None of the missiles survived testing. The only known remaining fragment of an X-9 is part of a vertical stabilizer, at the Larry Bell Museum in Mentone, Indiana. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1305-3417-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Ulstein X-bow is a new inverted ship's bow designed to improve handling in rough sea, and to lower fuel consumption by causing less hydrodynamic drag. It is shaped somewhat like a submarine's bow. The Bourbon Orca, design AX104 is an Ulstein A-Series Anchor Handling Tug Supply vessel, built for Bourbon Offshore Norway, and was the first ship built with the Ulstein X-bow. The bow is a nautical term that refers to the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway. Both of the adjectives fore and forward mean towards the bow. The other end of the boat is called the stern. The bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-6739-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-FAB is a European headquartered foundry group that specializes in the fabrication of analog and mixed-signal integrated circuits for fabless semiconductor companies. X-FAB has five main manufacturing sites, in Germany, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA. The company was founded by Roland Duchatelet, a Belgian investor. The USA site is located in Lubbock, Texas, a German one in Dresden, Silicon Saxony. The headquarter is located in Erfurt, Germany. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1305-2616-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-Flight was a steel, Flying Dutchman roller coaster designed by Vekoma located at Geauga Lake in Aurora, Ohio. The ride operated from May 26. 2001 to the end of the 2006 season. It was a part of the conversion from Six Flags Ohio to the mega-park Six Flags Worlds of Adventure (which included both SeaWorld Ohio animal park and the old Geauga Lake/Six Flags Ohio amusement park). At opening, it was billed as the Midwest's first and only flying coaster, today it retains the record for the area's first flying coaster (the ride lost its "only" record from the opening of Superman: Ultimate Flight at Six Flags Great America near Chicago, Illinois). Данное издание не является...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-2689-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The X-Patents are all the patents issued by the United States Patent and Trademark Office from July 1790 (when the first U.S. patent was issued), to July 1836. The actual number is unknown, but the best estimate is 9,957. The records were burned in a fire, in December 1836, while in temporary storage. No copies or rosters were maintained by the government at the time, leaving only the inventors' copies to reconstruct the collection. The Patent Commission of the U.S. was created in 1790. Its first three members were secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of War Henry Knox, and Attorney General Edmund Randolph. On July 31, 1790 inventor Samuel Hopkins of Pittsford, Vermont became the...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-5464-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-Rated Fusion Liqueur is a French vodka and fruit based liqueur, made by the Campari Group. It has a declared alcohol content of 17% alcohol by volume. First introduced into the U.S. in 2005, X-Rated Fusion Liqueur has subsequently been launched in Japan by Suntory, Canada, and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In September 2006, X-Rated Fusion Liqueur was named Best New Spirit of the Year by over 250 US retailers for Market Watch Leaders. X-Rated Fusion Liqueur is a blend of French vodka, Provence blood orange, mango, and passion fruit.In 2006, the then brand-owners, Daucourt, introduced a so-called "sister product," X-Rated Vodka, which is based on similar technology to the same...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-5823-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

X-ray spectroscopy is a gathering name for several spectroscopic techniques for determining the electronic structure of materials by using x-ray excitation. Karl Manne Georg Siegbahn from Uppsala, Sweden (Nobel Prize 1924),REDIRECT Target page name painstakingly produced numerous diamond-ruled glass diffraction gratings for his spectrometers, was one of the pioneers in developing X-ray emission spectroscopy (also called X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy). He measured the X-ray wavelengths of many elements to high precision, using high-energy electrons as excitation source. Intense and wavelength-tunable X-rays are now typically generated with synchrotrons. In a material, the X-rays may suffer an energy loss compared to the incoming beam....

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7505-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An X-ray tube is a vacuum tube that produces X-rays. They are used in X-ray machines. X-rays are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, an ionizing radiation with wavelengths shorter than ultraviolet light. X-ray tubes evolved from experimental Crookes tubes with which X-rays were first discovered in the late 1800s, and the availability of this controllable source of X-rays created the field of radiography, the imaging of opaque objects with penetrating radiation. X-ray tubes are also used in CAT scanners, airport luggage scanners, X-ray crystallography, and for industrial inspection. As with any vacuum tube, there is a cathode, which emits electrons into the vacuum and an anode to collect the...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7640-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-ray notation is a method of labeling atomic orbitals that grew out of X-ray science. It is still traditionally used with most x-ray spectroscopy techniques including AES and XPS. In X-ray notation, every principal quantum number is given a letter associated with it. An atomic orbital is a mathematical function that describes the wave-like behavior of either one electron or a pair of electrons in an atom. This function can be used to calculate the probability of finding any electron of an atom in any specific region around the atom's nucleus. These functions may serve as three-dimensional graph of an electron's likely location. The term may thus refer directly to the physical region defined by...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7394-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-ray Fluorescence Holography (XFH) is a relatively new technique that benefits greatly from the coherent high-power X-rays available from synchrotron sources, such as the Japanese SPring-8 facility. Fluorescent X-rays are scattered by atoms in a sample and provide the object wave, which is referenced to non-scattered X-rays. A holographic pattern is recorded by scanning a detector around the sample, which allows researchers to investigate the local 3D structure around a specific element in a sample. It is useful for investigating the effects of irradiation on high temperature superconductors. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7262-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The hard x-ray nanoprobe being built for the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM), Argonne National Lab will advance the state of the art by providing a hard X-ray microscopy beamline with the highest spatial resolution in the world. It will provide for fluorescence, diffraction, and transmission imaging with hard X-rays at a spatial resolution of 30 nm or better. A dedicated source, beamline, and optics will form the basis for these capabilities. This unique instrument will not only be key to the specific research areas of the CNM; it will also be of general utility to the broader nanoscience community in studying nanomaterials and nanostructures, particularly for embedded structures....

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7372-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An X-ray interferometer is the analogon to a neutron interferometer. It has been suggested that it may offer the very highest spatial resolution in astronomy,thought the techonoligy is unproven as of 2008. One technique is triple Laue interferometry (LLL interferometry). High Energy X-rays or HEX-rays are very hard X-rays, with 80 keV - 1000 keV typically one order of magnitude higher in energy than conventional X-rays (and well into the gamma-ray energies of over 120 keV). They are produced at modern synchrotron radiation sources such as the beamline ID15 at the ESRF. The main benefit is the deep penetration into matter which makes them a probe for bulk samples in physics and materials science...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7317-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The hard spectrum which is available on the BAMline at Berlin's synchrotron BESSY offers the rare opportunity to perform high-resolution X-ray imaging experiments with a partially coherent beam. This thesis work reports on the development of a new tomography system, including Fresnel-propagated imaging, and its application to three specific materials science problems from the fields of engineering materials, biology and earth science: A) 2D and 3D images were recorded from a variety of aluminum-based alloys to characterize coarsening of particle agglomerates (at high solid volume fraction) in liquid solution, as well as rheological properties of semi-solid alloys. B) Dentin is the bulk material of teeth characterized by a quasi-parallel...

ISBN: 978-3-8364-8140-3
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The X-ray standing wave (XSW) technique can be used to study the structure of surfaces and interfaces with high spatial resolution and chemical selectivity. Pioneered by B.W. Batterman in the 1960s the availability of synchrotron light has stimulated the application of this interferometric technique to a wide range of problems in surface science. An X-ray interference field created by Bragg reflection provides the length scale against which atomic distances can be measured. The spatial modulation of this field described by the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction undergoes a pronounced change when the sample is scanned through the Bragg condition. Due to a relative phase variation between the incoming and the reflected beam the nodal...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7521-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-radiation is electromagnetic radiation that spans 3 decades in wavelength ~(8 nm - 8 pm), frequency ~(50 PHz - 50 EHz) and energy ~(0.12 - 120 keV). In terms of temperature, 1 eV = 11,604 K. X-rays (0.12 to 120 keV) correspond to 1.39 x 106 (1.39 MK) to 1.39 x 109 K (1.39 GK). From 10 to 0.1 nanometers (nm) (about 0.12 to 12 keV) they are classified as soft X-rays, and from 0.1 nm to 0.01 nm (about 12 to 120 keV) as hard X-rays. Super soft X-rays overlap with EUV and range from as low as ~15 eV up to 0.5 keV. The upper limit results from interstellar absorption of X-rays, especially within the plane of the Milky Way. Analogous to super soft X-rays are the super hard X-rays which overlap with...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7274-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-ray Welding is an experimental welding process that uses a high powered X-ray source to provide thermal energy required to weld materials. Many advances in welding technology have resulted from the introduction of new sources of the thermal energy required for localised melting. These advances include the introduction of modern techniques such as gas tungsten arc, gas-metal arc, submerged-arc, electron beam, and laser beam welding processes. However, whilst these processes were able to improve stability, reproducibility, and accuracy of welding, they share a common limitation - the energy does not fully penetrate the material to be welded, resulting in the formation of a melt pool on the...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7663-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An X-ray microscope uses electromagnetic radiation in the soft X-ray band to produce images of very small objects. Unlike visible light, X-rays do not reflect or refract easily, and they are invisible to the human eye. Therefore the basic process of an X-ray microscope is to expose film or use a charge-coupled device (CCD) detector to detect X-rays that pass through the specimen. It is a contrast imaging technology using the difference in absorption of soft x-ray in the water window region by the carbon atom and the oxygen atom. Early X-ray microscopes by Paul Kirkpatrick and Albert Baez used grazing-incidence reflective optics to focus the X-rays, which grazed X-rays off parabolic curved...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7354-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a quantitative spectroscopic technique that measures the elemental composition, empirical formula, chemical state and electronic state of the elements that exist within a material. XPS spectra are obtained by irradiating a material with a beam of X-rays while simultaneously measuring the kinetic energy (KE) and number of electrons that escape from the top 1 to 10 nm of the material being analyzed. XPS requires ultra high vacuum (UHV) conditions. XPS is a surface chemical analysis technique that can be used to analyze the surface chemistry of a material in its "as received" state, or after some treatment, for example: fracturing, cutting or scraping in...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7431-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An X-ray image intensifier (XRII), sometimes referred to as a C-Arm or Fluoroscope in medical settings, is a highly complex piece of equipment which uses x-rays and produces a 'live' image feed which is displayed on a TV screen. The term image intensifier refers to a special component of the machine, which allows low intensity x-rays to be amplified, resulting in a smaller dose to the patient. The overall system consists of an x-ray source, input window, input phosphor, photocathode, vacuum and electron optics, output phosphor and output window. It allows for lower x-ray doses to be used on patients by magnifying the intensity produced in the output image, enabling the viewer to easily see the...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7309-6
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-ray optics is the branch of optics which manipulates X-rays instead of visible light. While lenses for visible light are made of a transparent material with an index of refraction substantially different from 1, there is no equivalent material for X-rays. The only methods of X-ray manipulation, other than simple image modulation, are through reflection, diffraction and interference effects, or by combining a number of lenses into a compound refractive lens. The basic idea is to reflect a beam of X-rays from a surface and to measure the intensity of X-rays reflected in the specular direction (reflected angle equal to incident angle). It has been shown that a reflection off a parabolic mirror...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7403-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An X-ray filter is a device to block or filter out some or all wavelengths in the X-ray spectrum. X-ray filters are used to block low-energy X-rays during medical x-ray imaging. Low energy X-rays are more likely to be absorbed by the patient's soft tissues. This causes non-stochasic radioactive effects, and does not contribute to image quality. X-ray filters are used in X-ray crystallography, where crystalline lattice spacings can be determined using Bragg diffraction. The filters allow only a single X-ray wavelength to penetrate through to a target crystal, allowing the resulting scattering to determine the diffraction distance. Данное издание не является...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7247-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Microtomography, like tomography, uses x-rays to create cross-sections of a 3D-object that later can be used to recreate a virtual model without destroying the original model. The term micro is used to indicate that the pixel sizes of the cross-sections are in the micrometer range. These pixel sizes have also resulted in the terminology micro-computed tomography, micro-ct, micro-computer tomography, high resolution x-ray tomography, and similar terminologies. All of these names generally represent the same class of instruments. This also means that the machine is much smaller in design compared to the human version and is used to model smaller objects. In general, there are two types of scanner...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7364-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) is a difference spectrum of two x-ray absorption spectra (XAS) taken in a magnetic field, one taken with left circularly polarized light, and one with right circularly polarized light. By closely analyzing the difference in the XMCD spectrum, information can be obtained on the magnetic properties of the atom, such as its spin and orbital magnetic moment. In the case of transition metals such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, the absorption spectra for XMCD are usually measured at the L-edge. This corresponds to the process in the iron case: with iron, a 2p electron is excited to a 3d state by an x-ray of about 700 eV. Because the 3d electron states are the...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-7339-3
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011