High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Plans are a set of two-dimensional diagrams or drawings used to describe a place or object, or to communicate building or fabrication instructions. Usually plans are drawn or printed on paper, but they can take the form of a digital file. Plans are often for technical purposes such as architecture, engineering, or planning. Their purpose in these disciplines is to accurately and unambiguously capture all the geometric features of a site, building, product or component. Plans can also be for presentation or orientation purposes, and as such are often less detailed versions of the former. The end goal of plans is either to portray an existing place or...

ISBN: 978-6-1311-0383-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Plasma catalysis is the term used to describe the procedure of non-thermal plasma addition to a chemical process such that chemical reaction or conversion rates are enhanced by the presence of plasma. In this work, the plasma catalysis concept was investigated using both a pulsed corona and gliding discharges. Since gliding discharges can deliver both equilibrium and non-equilibrium plasma conditions in the same structure concurrently, a pulsed corona discharge was used for the proof of concept experiments. The model process was chosen to be the methane conversion to hydrogen or synthesis gas (mixture of hydrogen and CO) by the methods of CO2 reforming, partial oxidation and thermal decomposition. For the selected processes, non-thermal...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-6425-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Injection molding represents the most important process for producing precision plastic parts with large quantities, complex gemoetry and low cost. Cooling process during injection molding is of great importance for plastic produced by injection molding because it affects extensively on the cycle time and the productivity, the accuracy and the quality of final product. This book aims to study and optimize the cooling process during the injection molding to obtain optimum product quality at low cost and highly production rate. The effect of cooling system on the heat transfer through the injection molding process, the cooling and solidification of the polymer, the shrinkage rate of the polymer material and the temperature distribution...

ISBN: 978-6-1315-5436-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Plasticizers or dispersants are additives that increase the plasticity or fluidity of the material to which they are added; these include plastics, cement, concrete, wallboard, and clay. Although the same compounds are often used for both plastics and concretes the desired effect is slightly different. The worldwide market for plasticizers in 2004 had a total volume of around 5.5 million tons, which led to a turnover of just over 6 billion pounds. Plasticizers for concrete soften the mix before it hardens, increasing its workability or reducing water, and are usually not intended to affect the properties of the final product after it hardens. Plasticizers for wallboard increase fluidity of the...

ISBN: 978-6-1310-1825-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Injection molding is one of the well known plastic parts production method. The technology for injection molds and molding machines is quite developed and the new research is now focusing on plastic parts processing. In this book the effect of processing parameters on injection molds with different runner systems have been studied analytically and through software analysis. Experimental results have also been discussed. A chapter on designing of injection molds with hot and cold runner systems is also included. The material presented in this book is helpful in understanding the role of hot and cold runner systems in injection molds processing. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга...

ISBN: 978-3-8433-8242-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The unstiffened steel plate shear wall (SPSW) system has emerged as a promising lateral load resisting system in recent years. However, seismic code provisions for these systems are still based on elastic force-based design methodologies. Considering the ever-increasing demands of efficient and reliable design procedures, a shift towards performance-based seismic design (PBSD) procedure is proposed in this work. The proposed PBSD procedure for SPSW systems is based on a target inelastic drift and pre-selected yield mechanism. This design procedure is simple, yet it aims at an advanced design criterion. The proposed procedure is tested on a four-story test building with different steel panel aspect ratios for different target drifts under...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-9687-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Over the last decade, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are regarded as promising candidate for mechanical reinforcement of polymers. This thesis is mainly focused on developing Polymer/CNT composites using Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as an effective mechanical reinforcement agent in the host polymer, Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). PMMA/CNT composites were fabricated in the form of gels and transparent films. In PMMA/CNT films, an interconnecting network of CNTs was observed in the scanning electron microscope after stretching the films at high temperature. The films showed improved tensile properties and it was observed that CNTs in PMMA have added flexibility to the originally brittle polymer. The addition of CNTs in the PMMA gel...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-3092-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Die Flucht aus dem stressigen Alltag, der oft mit scheinbar unlosbaren Problemen verbunden ist, ist nur einer der Grunde, die hinter Suchtverhalten stehen konnen. In einer immer unsicherer werdenden Zeit greifen viele Menschen zu verschiedenen Substanzen, um den Anforderungen, die an sie gestellt werden, gewachsen zu sein. Das Drogen- und Suchtproblem stellt daher eine grosse Bedrohung fur die Gesundheit der Bevolkerung dar. Aus diesem Grund ist es unerlasslich, gegen dieses Problem anzukampfen. In ihrem Werk beschaftigt sich die Autorin insbesondere mit Suchten in Bezug auf in Osterreich als illegal geltende Substanzen. Sie gibt einen Uberblick uber Policy-Massnahmen, die von nationalen und internationalen Korperschaften diesbezuglich...

ISBN: 978-3-6391-4145-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The enhanced greenhouse effect is caused by increased atmospheric concentrations of gases like carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and fluorine- containing compounds (HFCs, PFCs and SF6). The enhanced greenhouse effect will result in global climate changes and as a result will probably affect such aspects as world food production and ecosystems. Scientifically speaking, there is currently a fair level of consensus about the relationship between human activities and climate change. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-3-6392-6144-8
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polyphenylene sulfide ("PPS") is an organic polymer consisting of aromatic rings linked with sulfides. Synthetic fiber and textiles derived from this polymer are known to resist chemical and thermal attack. PPS is used to make filter fabric for coal boilers, papermaking felts, electrical insulation, specialty membranes, gaskets, and packings. PPS is the precursor to a conducting polymer of the semi-flexible rod polymer family. The PPS, which is otherwise insulating, can be converted to the semiconducting form by oxidation or use of dopants. Polyphenylene sulfide is an engineering plastic, a high-performance thermoplastic. Данное издание не является...

ISBN: 978-6-1303-6077-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) have attracted great attention because of their tunable properties and potential applications in multidisciplinary areas. Among the available ICPs, polyaniline (PANI) has found to be the most promising because of its ease of synthesis, low cost monomer, tunable properties, wide range of application possibilities and higher thermal stability compared to other ICPs. This book covers a detailed discussion on the different methods for the synthesis of PANI, different important properties of PANI and the experimental methods requires for the determination of those properties, mechanism of electrical conduction in PANI and the factors those influence the electrical conduction, problems of effective...

ISBN: 978-3-8433-8014-0
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) is a plastic that is used as an insulator in the electrical and electronics industries. It is a thermoplastic crystalline polymer, and a type of polyester. PBT is resistant to solvents, shrinks very little during forming, is mechanically strong, heat-resistant up to 150°C (or 200°C with glass-fibre reinforcement) and can be treated with flame retardants to make it noncombustible. PBT is closely related to other thermoplastic polyesters. Compared to PET (Polyethylene terephthalate), PBT has slightly lower strength and rigidity, slightly better impact resistance, and a slightly lower glass transition temperature. PBT and PET are sensitive to hot water above 60C...

ISBN: 978-6-1303-6244-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polycarbonates are a particular group of thermoplastic polymers. They are easily worked, moulded, and thermoformed; as such, these plastics are very widely used in the modern chemical industry. Their interesting features (temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties) position them between commodity plastics and engineering plastics. Polycarbonates do not have a unique plastic identification code and are identified as Other, 7. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1304-8236-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins, are a group of polyhalogenated compounds which are significant because they act as environmental pollutants. They are commonly referred to as dioxins for simplicity in scientific publications because every PCDD molecule contains a dioxin skeletal structure. Typically, the p-dioxin skeleton is at the core of a PCDD molecule, giving the molecule a dibenzo-p-dioxin ring system. Members of the PCDD family have been shown to bioaccumulate in humans and wildlife due to their lipophilic properties, and are known teratogens, mutagens, and suspected human carcinogens. They are organic compounds. Данное издание не является...

ISBN: 978-6-1304-8265-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

In recent years, nanocomposites have attracted great interest, both in industry and in academia. One of the major problems associated with nanocomposites is their extremely high viscosity obtained. So, (1) the power requirement for extrusion is higher, (2) higher processing rates become infeasible, and (3) higher shearing heating cause degradation of polymer. Thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCPs) successfully act as processing aids that enable thermoplastics, which normally extrude at temperatures high enough to cause degradation, to be processed at lower and less damaging temperatures. Processing windows are expanded and extrusion pressure is decreased, resulting in reductions in energy input and associated costs. This work...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-4744-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polyethylene terephthalate, commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P), is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. Depending on its processing and thermal history, polyethylene terephthalate may exist both as an amorphous and as a semi-crystalline material. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.

ISBN: 978-6-1304-8285-5
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polyimide is a polymer of imide monomers. The structure of imide is as shown. Thermosetting polyimides are commercially available as uncured resins, stock shapes, thin sheets, laminates and machined parts. Thermoplastic polyimides are very often called pseudothermoplastic. There are two general types of polyimides. One type, so-called linear polyimides, are made by combining imides into long chains. Aromatic heterocyclic polyimides are the other usual kind, where R' and R" are two carbon atoms of an aromatic ring. Examples of polyimide films include Apical, Kapton, UPILEX, VTEC PI, Norton TH and Kaptrex. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга...

ISBN: 978-6-1304-8299-2
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In chemical compounds, polymerization occurs via a variety of reaction mechanisms that vary in complexity due to functional groups present in reacting compounds and their inherent steric effects explained by VSEPR Theory. In more straightforward polymerization, alkenes, which are relatively stable due to ? bonding between carbon atoms form polymers through relatively simple radical reactions; in contrast, more complex reactions such as those that involve substitution at the carbonyl group require more complex synthesis due to the way in which reacting molecules polymerize. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по...

ISBN: 978-6-1304-8317-3
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polymer science or macromolecular science is the subfield of materials science concerned with polymers, primarily synthetic polymers such as plastics. The field of polymer science includes researchers in multiple disciplines including chemistry, physics, and engineering. Henri Braconnot's work in the 1830s is perhaps the first modern example of polymer science. Braconnot, along with Christian Schonbein and others, developed derivatives of the natural polymer cellulose producing new, semi-synthetic materials, such as celluloid and cellulose acetate. The term "polymer" was coined in 1833 by Jons Jakob Berzelius, though Berzelius did little that would be considered polymer science in the modern...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-2060-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

The use of written information in planning is important in making one's business competitive and profitable. This study sought to understand and explore the situation among some small business operators in Jamaica's two primary cities. It is based on a Master's research paper undertaken at the University of the West Indies, for the Masters in Library and Information Studies. The study collected data between 2005 and 2006 using survey techniques. The data was then analysed in relation to the researcher's question. The findings indicate that written information are important in the operations of Jamaican small business operators. While written information sources are used by most small business operators to inform their business planning...

ISBN: 978-3-8433-6474-4
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Polysulfone describes a family of thermoplastic polymers. These polymers are known for their toughness and stability at high temperatures. They contain the subunit aryl-SO2-aryl, the defining feature of which is the sulfone group. Polysulfones were introduced in 1965 by Union Carbide. Due to the high cost of raw materials and processing, polysulfones are used in specialty applications and often are a superior replacement for polycarbonates. These polymers are rigid, high-strength, and transparent, retaining its properties between ?100 °C and 150 °C. It has very high dimensional stability; the size change when exposed to boiling water or 150 °C air or steam generally falls below 0.1%. Its...

ISBN: 978-6-1305-2080-9
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Pontcysyllte Aqueduct is a navigable aqueduct that carries the Llangollen Canal over the valley of the River Dee in Wrexham in north east Wales. Completed in 1805, it is the longest and highest aqueduct in Britain, a Grade I Listed Building and a World Heritage Site. When the bridge was built it linked the villages of Froncysyllte, at the southern end of the bridge in the Cysyllte township of Llangollen parish (from where it takes its name), and Trevor, at the northern end of the bridge in the Trevor Isaf township of Llangollen parish. Both townships were later transferred to Wrexham County Borough following local government reorganisation. The name is in the Welsh language and means...

ISBN: 978-6-1340-3099-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Micro fuel cells based on porous silicon membranes are developed and characterized in this work and are demonstrated to be a promising candidate for powering portable electronic instruments. First, different pore morphologies of porous silicon are explored. The pore morphologies are characterized using scanning electron microscopy. The pore sizes can be controlled to range from microns to nanometers. Proton conductivities of porous silicon membranes are derived using impedance spectroscopy. It is shown that pore morphology determines the transport property of the porous silicon membrane through the volume fraction of the proton conducting phase in the membrane. A percolation model is shown to well explain the transport phenomena in...

ISBN: 978-3-6390-4017-3
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Modeling and control of Shape memory alloys is a hot research topic due to the non-linearity expressed as a hysteretic "shape memory effect" behavior. This book, therefore, is the first to provide different model-and behavioral-based approaches to control the SMA via the usage of the heat transfer equation as the behavioral model, to discuss a non-passivity of the material, to consider the effect of volume change in the SMA, and to control by characteristic parameter change. However, the non model-based approaches introduced lead to a robust position control of the shape memory alloy wire. The advantage of this approach that it is not temperature dependent and that it can be used to control many types of SMAs and many linear and...

ISBN: 978-3-6393-0805-1
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011

Gegenstand dieses Buches ist eine Potenzialanalyse zur Reduzierung der Papierabfallquote in der Offsetdruckproduktion. Ziel ist es, die Papierabfallquote in einem entsprechenden Unternehmen zu senken, indem man den gesamten Prozess mit all seinen Schritten durchleuchtet und dann analysiert, worin entsprechendes Potenzial steckt. Im Rahmen dessen werden erarbeitete Massnahmen und strukturelle Anderungen eingeleitet. Dabei sind auch diejenigen Prozesse mit inbegriffen, welche in der Druckformherstellung und -weiterverarbeitung anfallen, also nicht nur in der reinen Druckproduktion. Der Inhalt dieses Buches kann als Anregung fur Druckunternehmen verstanden werden, wie sich die Papierabfallquote reduzieren lassen konnte bzw. wie man diese...

ISBN: 978-3-6392-3535-7
Издательство: Книга по требованию
Дата выхода: июль 2011