High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Ophthalmoparesis or ophthalmoplegia refers to paralysis of one or more extraocular muscles which are responsible for eye movements. It is a physical finding in certain neurologic illnesses.

ISBN: 978-5-5113-3698-5

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Opipramol (Insidon, Pramolan, Ensidon, Oprimol) is an antidepressant and anxiolytic used in Germany and other European countries. Although it is a member of the tricyclic antidepressants, opipramol`s primary mechanism of action is much different in comparison. Most TCAs act as reuptake inhibitors, but opipramol does not, and instead acts as a sigma receptor agonist, among having other properties.

ISBN: 978-5-5113-2418-0

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The color opponent process is a color theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from cones and rods in an antagonistic manner. The three types of cones (L for long, M for medium and S for short) have some overlap in the wavelengths of light to which they respond, so it is more efficient for the visual system to record differences between the responses of cones, rather than each type of cone`s individual response. The opponent color theory suggests that there are three opponent channels: red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white (the latter type is achromatic and detects light-dark variation, or luminance)....

ISBN: 978-5-5136-3000-5

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Opsins are a group of light-sensitive 35–55 kDa membrane-bound G protein-coupled receptors of the retinylidene protein family found in photoreceptor cells of the retina. Five classical groups of opsins are involved in vision, mediating the conversion of a photon of light into an electrochemical signal, the first step in the visual transduction cascade. Another opsin found in the mammalian retina, melanopsin, is involved in circadian rhythms and pupillary reflex but not in image-forming.

ISBN: 978-5-5145-8133-7

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An optical cavity or optical resonator is an arrangement of mirrors that forms a standing wave cavity resonator for light waves. Optical cavities are a major component of lasers, surrounding the gain medium and providing feedback of the laser light. They are also used in optical parametric oscillators and some interferometers. Light confined in the cavity reflect multiple times producing standing waves for certain resonance frequencies. The standing wave patterns produced are called modes; longitudinal modes differ only in frequency while transverse modes differ for different frequencies and have different intensity patterns across the cross section of the beam.

ISBN: 978-5-5143-3318-9

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An optical ring resonator is a set of waveguides in which at least one is a closed loop coupled some sort of light input and output. (These can be, but are not limited to being, waveguides.) The concepts behind optical ring resonators are the same as those behind whispering galleries except that they use light and obey the properties behind constructive interference and total internal reflection. When light of the resonant wavelength is passed through the loop from input waveguide, it builds up in intensity over multiple round-trips due to constructive interference and is output to the output bus waveguide which serves as a detector waveguide. Because only a select few wavelengths will be at...

ISBN: 978-5-5142-9238-7

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Optical tweezers (originally called "single-beam gradient force trap") are scientific instruments that use a highly focused laser beam to provide an attractive or repulsive force (typically on the order of piconewtons), depending on the refractive index mismatch to physically hold and move microscopic dielectric objects. Optical tweezers have been particularly successful in studying a variety of biological systems in recent years.

ISBN: 978-5-5110-8595-1

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment or OGLE is a Polish astronomical project based at the University of Warsaw that is chiefly concerned with discovering dark matter using the microlensing technique. Since the project began in 1992, it has discovered several extrasolar planets as a side benefit. The project is led by Professor Andrzej Udalski, who is a co-author of the discovery of OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb.

ISBN: 978-5-5114-2318-0

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope", is a type of microscope which uses visible light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small samples. Optical microscopes are the oldest design of microscope and were possibly designed in their present compound form in the 17th century. Basic optical microscopes can be very simple, although there are many complex designs which aim to improve resolution and sample contrast. Historically optical microscopes were easy to develop and are popular because they use visible light so that samples may be directly observed by eye.

ISBN: 978-5-5092-3754-6

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical signal acquisition and processing method. It captures micrometer-resolution, three-dimensional images from within optical scattering media (e.g., biological tissue). Optical coherence tomography is an interferometric technique, typically employing near-infrared light. The use of relatively long wavelength light allows it to penetrate into the scattering medium. Confocal microscopy, another similar technique, typically penetrates less deeply into the sample.

ISBN: 978-5-5090-7529-2

ISBN: 978-5-5086-5419-1

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Optical mesh networks are a type of telecommunications network.

ISBN: 978-5-5085-4368-6

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An optical fiber connector terminates the end of an optical fiber, and enables quicker connection and disconnection than splicing. The connectors mechanically couple and align the cores of fibers so light can pass. Better connectors lose very little light due to reflection or misalignment of the fibers.

ISBN: 978-5-5085-6119-2

ISBN: 978-5-5147-1123-9

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An optical aberration is a departure of the performance of an optical system from the predictions of paraxial optics. In an imaging system, it occurs when light from one point of an object does not converge into (or does not diverge from) a single point after transmission through the system. Aberrations occur because the simple paraxial theory is not a completely accurate model of the effect of an optical system on light, rather than due to flaws in the optical elements.

ISBN: 978-5-5094-3201-9

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is a parametric oscillator which oscillates at optical frequencies. It converts an input laser wave (called "pump") with frequency into two output waves of lower frequency () by means of second order nonlinear optical interaction. The sum of the output waves frequencies is equal to the input wave frequency: . For historic reasons, the two output waves are called "signal" and "idler", where the wave with higher frequency is called signal. A special case is the degenerate OPO, when the output frequency is one-half the pump frequency, .

ISBN: 978-5-5141-9405-6

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Optical mineralogy is the study of minerals and rocks by measuring their optical properties. Most commonly, rock and mineral samples are prepared as thin sections or grain mounts for study in the laboratory with a petrographic microscope. Optical mineralogy is used to identify the mineralogical composition of geological materials in order to help reveal their origin and evolution.

ISBN: 978-5-5147-3952-3

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Opticks is a book written by English physicist Isaac Newton that was released to the public in 1704. It is about optics and the refraction of light, and is considered one of the great works of science in history. Opticks was Newton`s second major book on physical science.

ISBN: 978-5-5121-5578-3

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The optic nerve contains axons of nerve cells that emerge from the retina, leave the eye at the optic disc, and go to the visual cortex where input from the eye is processed into vision. There are 1.2 million optic nerve fibers that derive from the retinal ganglion cells of the inner retina.Optic neuropathy refers to damage to the optic nerve due to any cause. Damage and death of these nerve cells, or neurons, leads to characteristic features of optic neuropathy. The main symptom is loss of vision, with colors appearing subtly washed out in the affected eye. On medical examination, the optic nerve head can be visualised by an ophthalmoscope. A pale disc is characteristic of long-standing optic...

ISBN: 978-5-5148-0944-8

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The optical transfer function (OTF) of an imaging system (camera, video system, microscope etc.) is the true measure of resolution (image sharpness) that the system is capable of. The common practice of defining resolution in terms of pixel count is not meaningful, as it is the overall OTF of the complete system, including lens and anti-aliasing filter as well as other factors, that defines true performance. In the most common applications (cameras and video systems) it is the Modulation Transfer Function (the magnitude of the OTF), that is most relevant, although the phase component can have a secondary effect. While resolution, as commonly used with reference to camera systems, describes only...

ISBN: 978-5-5140-3007-1

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! In quantum optics, an optical phase space is a phase space in which all quantum states of an optical system are described. Each point in the optical phase space corresponds to a unique state of an optical system. For any such system, a plot of the quadratures against each other, possibly as functions of time, is called a phase diagram. If the quadratures are functions of time then the optical phase diagram can show the evolution of a quantum optical system with time.

ISBN: 978-5-5110-8503-6

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Optical Society (originally established as the Optical Society of America, OSA) is a scientific society dedicated to advancing the study of light—optics and photonics—in theory and application, by means of publishing, organizing conferences and exhibitions, partnership with industry, and education. The organization has members in more than 100 countries. As of 2011, OSA had 16,000 individual members and more than 230 corporate member companies.

ISBN: 978-5-5112-5557-6

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! An optical fiber cable is a cable containing one or more optical fibers. The optical fiber elements are typically individually coated with plastic layers and contained in a protective tube suitable for the environment where the cable will be deployed.

ISBN: 978-5-5083-5277-6

High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Optical IP Switching (OIS), is a novel method of creating transparent optical connections between network nodes using a flow-based approach. An IP flow is a collection of IP packets going from the same source to the same destination: the exchange of IP packets is the mechanism that allows the transport of information over the Internet.

ISBN: 978-5-5118-3329-3

ISBN: 978-5-5112-9088-1