Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A reflecting telescope is an optical telescope which uses a single or combination of curved mirrors that reflect light and form an image. The reflecting telescope was invented in the 17th century as an alternative to the refracting telescope which, at that time, was a design that suffered from severe chromatic aberration. Although reflecting telescopes produce other types of optical aberrations, it is a design that allows for very large diameter objectives. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.
ISBN: 978-6-1303-1871-0
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
In automotive design the automobile layout describes where on the vehicle the engine and drive wheels are found. Many different combinations of engine location and driven wheels are found in practice, and the location of each is dependent on the application the vehicle will be used for. Factors influencing the design choice include cost, complexity, reliability, packaging (location and size of the passenger compartment and boot space), weight distribution and the vehicle's intended handling characteristics. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа. Reflexivity refers to...
ISBN: 978-6-1303-1164-3
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Reformed Methanol Fuel Cell (RMFC) or Indirect Methanol Fuel Cell (IMFC) systems are a subcategory of proton-exchange fuel cells where, the fuel, methanol (CH3OH), is reformed, before being fed into the fuel cell. RMFC systems offer advantages over direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) systems including higher efficiency, smaller cell stacks, no water management, better operation at low temperatures, and storage at sub-zero temperatures because methanol is a liquid from -97.0 °C to 64.7 °C (-142.6 °F to 148.5 °F). The tradeoff is that RMFC systems operate at hotter temperatures and therefore need more advanced heat management and insulation. The waste products with these types of fuel cells are...
ISBN: 978-6-1311-0434-3
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Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Refractors were the earliest type of optical telescope. The first practical refracting telescopes appeared in the Netherlands in about 1608, and were credited to three individuals, Hans Lippershey and Zacharias Janssen, spectacle-makers in Middelburg, and Jacob Metius of Alkmaar also known as Jacob Adriaanszoon. Galileo Galilei, happening to be in Venice in about the month of May 1609, heard of the invention and constructed a version of his own. Galileo then communicated the details of his invention to the public, and presented the instrument itself to the Doge Leonardo Donato, sitting in full council. Galileo may thus claim to have invented the refracting telescope independently, but not until...
ISBN: 978-6-1303-1869-7
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Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
A refrigerated transport Dewar is a refrigerated transport vessel with an insulated Dewar flask (vacuum) design to carry cryogenic liquid. To prevent pressure build-up they are equipped with safety relief valves and/or rupture discs. The liquid can be withdrawn as a gas by passing liquid through an internal vaporizer or as a liquid under its own vapour pressure.A non refrigerated air-transportable dewar for 750 liters of liquid hydrogen was developed by H.L. Johnston in ca. 1952. The heat flow to the liquid hydrogen shell was 4 watts, boill-off about 7.5 liters per day, or 1 % of the rated capacity. They were equipped with valves, instruments, and a vacuum pump. Данное издание не является оригинальным....
ISBN: 978-6-1310-7695-4
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
A refrigerator (often called a "fridge" for short) is a cooling appliance comprising a thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump—chemical or mechanical means—to transfer heat from it to the external environment, cooling the contents to a temperature below ambient. Refrigerators are extensively used to store foods which spoil from bacterial growth if not refrigerated. A device described as a "refrigerator" maintains a temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water; a similar device which maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a "freezer." The refrigerator is a relatively modern invention among kitchen appliances. It replaced the icebox, which had been a common household appliance for...
ISBN: 978-6-1303-0550-5
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a substance, and moving it to a place where it is unobjectionable. The primary purpose of refrigeration is lowering the temperature of the enclosed space or substance and then maintaining that lower temperature. The term cooling refers generally to any natural or artificial process by which heat is dissipated. The process of artificially producing extreme cold temperatures is referred to as cryogenics. Cold is the absence of heat, hence in order to decrease a temperature, one "removes heat", rather than "adding cold." In order to satisfy the Second Law of Thermodynamics, some form of work must be performed to accomplish this. This work is traditionally done by...
ISBN: 978-6-1303-0580-2
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Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
A refrigerator is a refrigerated boxcar or van, a piece of railroad rolling stock designed to carry perishable freight at specific temperatures. Refrigerator cars differ from simple insulated boxcars and ventilated boxcars, neither of which are fitted with cooling apparatus. Reefers can be ice-cooled, come equipped with any one of a variety of mechanical refrigeration systems, or utilize carbon dioxide as a cooling agent. Milk cars may or may not include a cooling system, but are equipped with high-speed trucks and other modifications that allow them to travel with passenger trains. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии...
ISBN: 978-6-1303-0575-8
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Lambert M. Surhone, Mariam T. Tennoe, Susan F. Henssonow
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Refurbishment (restoration) is the process of major maintenance or minor repair of an item, either aesthetically or mechanically. often use this term when remodeling an attraction. Refurbishment may refer to: * Refurbishment (electronics) * Antiques restoration * Automotive restoration Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после получения заказа.
ISBN: 978-6-1303-5270-7
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
Regelation is the phenomenon of melting under pressure and freezing again when the pressure is reduced. Many textbooks and reference books as well as websites often claim that regelation can be demonstrated by looping a fine wire around a block of ice , with a heavy weight attached to it. The pressure exerted on the ice slowly melts it locally, permitting the wire to pass through the entire block. The wire's track will refill as soon as pressure is relieved, so the ice block will remain solid even after wire passes completely through. This experiment is possible for ice at –10 °C or cooler, and while essentially valid, the details of the process by which the wire passes through the ice are complex . It has been suggested that the...
ISBN: 978-6-1310-7706-7
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
Regenerative cooling in rockets is where some or all of the propellant is passed through tubes, channels or otherwise in a jacket around the combustion chamber or nozzle to cool the engine because the fuel in particular and sometimes the oxidizer are good coolants. The heated propellant is then fed into a special gas generator or injected directly into the main combustion chamber for combustion there.1857 - Siemens introduced the Regenerative cooling concept. On 10 May 1898, James Dewar used regenerative cooling to become the first to statically liquefy hydrogen]. The concept of regenerative cooling was also mentioned in 1903 in an article by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Robert Goddard built the first regeneratively cooled engine in 1923, but...
ISBN: 978-6-1310-7746-3
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
A regenerative brake is an energy recovery mechanism that reduces vehicle speed by converting some of its kinetic energy into a storeable form of energy instead of dissipating it as heat as with a conventional brake. The captured energy is stored for future use or fed back into a power system for use by other vehicles. Electrical regenerative brakes in electric railway vehicles feed the generated electricity back into the supply system. In battery electric and hybrid electric vehicles the energy is stored in a battery or bank of capacitors for later use. Energy may also be stored by compressing air or by a rotating flywheel. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по...
ISBN: 978-6-1303-0577-2
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
A regenerative heat exchanger, or more commonly a regenerator, is a type of heat exchanger where the flow through the heat exchanger is cyclical and periodically changes direction. It is similar to a countercurrent heat exchanger. However, a regenerator mixes the two fluid flows while a countercurrent exchanger maintains them separated. The temperature profile remains at a nearly constant temperature, and this includes the fluid entering and exiting each end.In regenerative heat exchangers, the fluid on either side of the heat exchanger is nearly always the same fluid. The fluid is cycled through the heat exchanger, often reaching high temperatures. The fluid may go through an external processing step, and then it is flowed back through...
ISBN: 978-6-1310-7749-4
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
Regenerative cooling is a method of cooling gases in which compressed gas is cooled by allowing it to expand and thereby taking heat from the surroundings, the cooled expanded gas then passes through a heat exchanger where it cools the incoming compressed gas.1857 - Siemens introduced the Regenerative cooling concept with the Siemens cycle, in 1895 independent from each other William Hampson in England and Carl von Linde in Germany obtained patents for the Hampson-Linde cycle to liquefy air using the Joule Thomson expansion process and regenerative cooling On 10 May 1898, James Dewar used regenerative cooling to become the first to statically liquefy hydrogen. Данное издание не является оригинальным....
ISBN: 978-6-1310-7728-9
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Reggiane Re.2001 Falco II was an Italian fighter aircraft, serving in the Regia Aeronautica (Italian Air Force) during World War II. A contemporary of the renowned Macchi C.202, the production of this type was to be limited to only 252, but it was a flexible design that proved to be able to undertake a number of roles. Thanks to its manoeuvrability it could dogfight with more powerful opponents like the Supermarine Spitfire. The Re.2001 became the basis of a later, more formidable fighter, the Re.2005. Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга печатается по технологии принт-он-деманд после...
ISBN: 978-6-1304-1323-1
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Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Reggiane Re.2005 Sagittario was an Italian monoplane fighter/fighter-bomber produced for the Regia Aeronautica during the later years of World War II. Considered by many to be "the most beautiful plane of the Second World War" it was, along with the Macchi C.202/C.205 and Fiat G.55, one of the three "Serie 5" Italian fighters built around the famous Daimler-Benz DB 605 engine. Only 48 examples had been delivered, before Armistice, these fighter fighting in the defence of Naples, Rome and Sicily, the survivors battling above the crumbling ruins of Berlin, with German insignia. "The Re.2005 was altogether a superb, potent aeroplane", observed Group Captain Duncan Smith, DSO DFC. Данное...
ISBN: 978-6-1303-4904-2
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Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Regie Autonome des Transports Parisiens (RATP/Autonomous Operator of Parisian Transports) is the major transit operator responsible for public transportation in Paris and its surroundings. It is under the authority of the Syndicat des transports d'Ile-de-France (STIF), the Paris region transit authority. Its operational divisions include the Paris Metro system (16 lines), part of the RER, an extensive bus system, and four tram lines. It also operates the Montmartre funicular. The RATP was created on March 21, 1948, by combining the assets of the Compagnie du chemin de fer metropolitain de Paris (CMP), which operated the Paris Metro, and the...
ISBN: 978-6-1311-1207-2
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A regional airliner or a feederliner is a small airliner designed to fly up to 100 passengers on short-haul flights, usually feeding larger carriers` hubs from small markets. This class of airliners are typically flown by the regional airlines that are either contracted by or subsidiaries of the larger airlines. Feederliner, commuter, and local service are all alternate terms for the same class of flight operations.
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A registered jack (RJ) is a standardized physical network interface — both jack construction and wiring pattern — for connecting telecommunications or data equipment to a service provided by a local exchange carrier or long distance carrier. The standard designs for these connectors and their wiring are named RJ11, RJ14, RJ21, RJ48, etc. Many of these interface standards are commonly used in North America, though some interfaces are used world-wide. The physical connectors that registered jacks use are mainly of the modular connector and 50-pin miniature ribbon connector types. For example, RJ11 uses a 6 position 4 conductor (6P4C) modular plug and jack, while RJ21 uses a 50-pin miniature...
ISBN: 978-6-1305-0861-6
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
This book presents the development and application of regularized statistical methods for the analysis of anatomical structures. One of the comprehensive goals of this type of research is to use non-invasive medical imaging devices for the detection of diseases which are otherwise difficult to diagnose at an early stage. Statistics represents a quintessential part of such investigations as they are preluded by a clinical hypothesis that must be verified based on observed data. The massive amounts of image data produced in each examination pose an important and interesting statistical challenge, in that there are many more image features (variables) than subjects (observations), making an infinite number of solutions possible. To arrive...
ISBN: 978-3-8364-9887-6
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! The Reibel machine gun (official French designation mitrailleuse mle 1931 - "machine gun, model of 1931"), was a machine gun used on French tanks of the World War II era as well as in fortifications such as the Maginot line. It used the 7.5 mm MAS cartridge and was loaded with 150-round drum magazines. The variant used in fortifications was specifically modified with a different rifling to accommodate the balle D heavy ball type of ammunition. A machine gun is a fully automatic mounted or portable firearm, usually designed to fire rifle bullets in quick succession from an ammunition belt or large-capacity magazine, typically at a rate of several hundred rounds per minute. Данное...
ISBN: 978-6-1304-1478-8
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Дата выхода: июль 2011
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! Reinforced concrete, also called Reinforced cement concrete (RCC), is concrete in which steel reinforcement bars ("rebars"), plates or fibers have been incorporated to strengthen the material that would otherwise be brittle.Reinforced concrete is currently widely used for buildings and other structures such as bridges etc.Building contractor Francois Coignet was the first to use iron-reinforced concrete as a technique for constructing building structures when he built Parisian houses in the 1850s. His own house at 72 rue Charles-Michels in Paris, built in 1862 still stands. The German company Wayss Данное издание не является оригинальным. Книга...
ISBN: 978-6-1304-1379-8
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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! RELAP5-3D is a simulation tool that allows users to model the coupled behavior of the reactor coolant system and the core for various operational transients and postulated accidents that might occur in a nuclear reactor. RELAP5-3D (Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program) can be used for reactor safety analysis, reactor design, simulator training of operators, and as an educational tool by universities. RELAP5-3D was developed at Idaho National Laboratory to address the pressing need for reactor safety analysis and continues to be developed through the Department Of Energy and the International RELAP5 Users Group (IRUG) with over $3 million invested annually. The code is distributed through...
Lambert M. Surhone, Miriam T. Timpledon, Susan F. Marseken
The Cost of Electricity generated by different sources measures the cost of generating electricity including initial capital as well as the costs of continuous operation, fuel, and maintenance.Politicians, academics and commentators are often tempted to generalize about the relative costs of electricity from different sources. In practice, there is no such thing as a representative cost of production from a particular technology. Circumstances vary widely from project to project, and so consequently do the economics. Whilst one may choose an arbitrary set of assumptions on which to base calculations of costs for the purposes of comparison, the results will reflect mostly on those assumptions, rather than on the underlying merits of one...
ISBN: 978-6-1310-7765-4
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High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles! A relativistic rocket is any spacecraft that is travelling at a velocity close enough to light speed for relativistic effects to become significant. What "significant" means is a matter of context, but generally speaking a velocity of at least 50% of the speed of light (0.5c) is required. The time dilation factor, mass factor, and length contraction factor (all these factors equal the Lorentz factor) are 1.15 at 0.5c. Above this speed Einsteinian physics are required to describe motion. Below this speed, motion is approximately described by Newtonian physics and the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation can be used.